How to Read the Bible Putting Yourself in Their Shoes

Introduction

The Desire of the person to protect itself from an unknown ability or create for itself prettier fate has brought to thousands and thousands superstition in the world. At our days, in spite of evolution of the engineering science, sciences and cultures exist such notions every bit superstition and sign. The Life is unpredictable, but occasionally person notices some coincidences, separate events, after which follows lucky or unlucky consequence.

The Person always searches for the explanations on that or other cause is afraid of anything, dreams nigh annihilation. Liability to psychological dependency, manipulate past consciousness follows to superstition. Existent life is unpredictable; there are many laws, principle and rules.

The Superstitions are reflected in culture of guild (the custom, rites) and reveal itself in the forms of superstition.

The Study of superstition in English language and Russian language presents for us enormous interest due to specific regularity of the conservation and issues them from generation to generation.

Many people are superstitious. They believe in unproven and mysterious facts. Moreover, they are afraid of them.

Nosotros decided to choose this theme because we speak about different  superstitions and omens at our English lessons.

The knowledge of superstitions and omens expands our notion about the country and allows  to understand its history and customs of the people.

Nosotros'd like to know if the pupils of our schoolhouse believe in superstitions and omens or not.

We've read a lot of materials in the Cyberspace.

Tasks of our project is

1. To define the words "superstition" and "omen"
2. To make a listing of superstitions and omens in the different countries
3. To observe similar omens in the different countries
4. To sum up about the office of superstitions and omens in people'south life and the civilization of the country

The aim of the project:

1. To get acquainted with superstitions and omens of the different countries.
2. To notice out the number of pupils who trust in superstitions and omens.
3. To meliorate our English.
4. To practice in English grammar and translation.

Сhapter one. A General understanding of the superstitions

What does information technology mean "SUPERSTITON" and "OMEN"?

Superstition is a belief in supernatural causality: that one result leads to the cause of another without any physical process linking the two events, such as astrology, omens, witchcraft, etc., that contradicts natural science.

Omen is an outcome regarded as a portent of expert or evil.

Latin "superstes" composed on

1. super (over, across)
2. sto (to stand up)

Conventionalities that stands outside the bounds of clerical religion

What sorts of people are superstitious?

People who tend to worry about life are far more superstitious than others – 50% of worriers were very superstitious, compared to only 24% of non-worriers.

Gender and age differences

Women are significantly more superstitious than men – 51% of women said that they were very superstitious compared to just 29% of men. When it came to individual superstitions, far more than women than men cantankerous their fingers (women: 75% and men: fifty%), and touch wood (women: 83% and men: 61%).

People become less superstitious as they age – 59% of people aged thirteen-17 said they were superstitious, compared to 44% of people aged between 31-40 and just 35% of the over 50s.

Many superstitions can be prompted:

1. Past misunderstanding of causality or statistics
2. "Folk beliefs"
3. A effect of misinterpreting correlations as causes
4. Urban legends

The about popular and interesting beliefs:

1. Money superstitions
2. Luck superstitions
3. Bad superstitions

Money

Money is the virtually important part of comfy life. But information technology is not always explainable why i person has to piece of work hard to earn them and the other hasn't. Perhaps this injustice became the primary reason of germination of some money superstitions.

i. The coin which you constitute should be kept it will bring good luck (Italian republic)

2. Bags can't be put on a floor – coin won't exist (Kingdom of spain)

3. If yous ever selection up burnt matches instead of leaving them laying you will find coin (England)

4. If you put a spider in your pocket the money will be in that location.

five. If to spit for example on money, in the future you tin get even more. (U.s.a.)

six. If you scratch your left hand, you will requite money abroad (Britain).

Luck Superstitions

1. Black cats bring good luck (England, Scotland) just in Russia information technology is bad.

2. Clover is a small plant. Ordinarily information technology has three leaves, but a few take four. A clover with four leaves brings good luck (Britain).

iii. On the first twenty-four hours of the calendar month it's lucky to say "White rabbits".

4. Take hold of falling leaves in fall and you'll have skilful luck (Uk).

5. Never open an umbrella in the house. That's very bad luck (Italy, Britain).

half dozen. Ladybird, fly to the heaven, give me happy fourth dimension».  (England, Russian federation).

7. If a girl catches the bride's boutonniere after a wedding, she will exist side by side to mеrry» (Russia, England).

8. Sit down earlier deviation. Before leaving, get-go a travel, the person has to sit down.

9. Travelling. If you travel you should not turn half way; fifty-fifty when you forget something.

10. Nowadays with something sharp. It is not good to give a present that contains something precipitous, like a fork or a knife.

11. Friday the 13th superstitions are among the nearly pervasive of all bad-luck behavior. On this solar day, many people believe bad things are bound to happen, and any luck is bad luck. In France, Italian republic, Kingdom of spain, probably Portugal too thirteen is actually a lucky number. Interesting that in Italian culture, the number 17 is their 13.

12. England
Put the onion under your pillow at night before St. Thomas and encounter your future married man in a dream.

13. Scotland

• If the soup pops out of hand it is not good.
• Before the wedding, the bride must go swimming in the mud and then she will accept a happy family life.

С hapter 2. Omens and superstitions in the United kingdom and Russia

I analyzed all English language and Russian superstitions (yous can detect them in the scientific article) and got these results:

i) The current levels of superstitious beliefs and beliefs in Corking Great britain and in Russia are surprisingly loftier, even amidst those with a scientific background.
Touching wood is the most popular UK and Russia  superstition, followed by crossing fingers, non smashing mirrors, carrying a lucky charm and having superstitious beliefs nigh the number 13.

2) Superstitious people tend to worry almost life, have a strong need for command, and accept a low tolerance for ambiguity.

3) Women are more superstitious than men, and young people more than former.

four) Personal superstitions.

The results bespeak very loftier levels of superstitious beliefs and  behaviour.

77% of people in Russia indicated that they were at to the lowest degree a little superstitious and carried out some form of superstitious behaviour, and 42% indicated that they were very superstitious.

53% of people in England are at least a footling superstitious and only 25% admitted to existence very superstitious.

ii.1. Similarities and differences between English language and Russian superstitions

I made comparison of English and Russian superstition and got these results:

I can say that betwixt English and Russian superstition there are many differences. Probably, one of the most important departure is interpretation of superstition, for example, when black cat runs across the route. If in Russia that ways the failures, in England black cat symbolizes just changed happiness and adept luck. In English this superstition: If a blackness cat crosses your path, you will have skillful luck. Possible, exactly then many famous people in Great Britain choose black cat every bit domicile pet.

Simply in Russia people fearfulness the black cat. This is a religious prejudice near blackness true cat; bring misery, appeared many grand years dorsum.

When people believed in existence of the witches, they associated plow black cat with witch. They believed that black cats were shown disguised witch. Kill the cat did not signify to impale the witch, since witch could take the type of the cat nine times. People started to think that the true cat has nine lives.

There are many superstitions in Great Britain, which take no counterpart in Russian federation. For instance, such sign:  If y'all walk under a ladder, you will take bad luck that means that if you are passed under stairway, that y'all volition accompany the failures or say «white rabbits» at the start 24-hour interval of month.

I want to say nearly english and russian talisman, differing between themselves. For example, in Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland rabbits paw brings the good luck. The Rabbit is a symbol of the kindness, comfort, presents and protection. In Russian federation the similar talisman is the claw of bear. The Bear is the male monarch of wood, and a person, carrying these talisman, has a power of this beast.

In England and in Russian federation at that place is common superstition, connecting with a mirror. In English this sounds so:  If you suspension a mirror, you volition have seven years bad luck.

Full general Superstitions of Great Britain

English traditions, superstitions and beliefs include superstitions and customs of English people. Many of them are now inseparable parts of everyday life, or just common social etiquette, though they oftentimes accept their origins in superstition. The awareness of them, and their perceived importance, depends on various factors including region and age. Some are extremely common and practiced past the vast majority of the population, while some are extremely obscure. In that location are popular superstitions in England:

Good Luck

Lucky to encounter a black cat. Black Cats are featured on many good luck greetings cards and altogether cards in England.

Lucky to touch wood. People impact; knock on wood, to make something come true.

Lucky to find a clover plant with four leaves.

White heather is lucky.

A horseshoe over the door brings good luck. But the horseshoe needs to be the right mode up. The luck runs out of the horseshoe if it is upside down.

Horseshoes are generally a sign of good luck and feature on many good luck cards.

On the first day of the month it is lucky to say "white rabbits, white rabbits white rabbits," before uttering your first word of the day.

Catch falling leaves in autumn and you will accept expert luck. Every foliage means a lucky month next twelvemonth.

Cut your hair when the moon is waxing and yous will take good luck.

Putting coin in the pocket of new wearing apparel brings good luck.

Bad Luck

Unlucky to walk under a ladder.

Seven years bad luck to suspension a mirror. The superstition is supposed to have originated in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods.

Unlucky to meet ane magpie, lucky to run across two and many.

Unlucky to spill common salt. If y'all do, you must throw it over your shoulder to annul the bad luck.

Unlucky to open an umbrella in doors.

The number thirteen is unlucky. Friday the thirteenth is a very unlucky solar day. Friday is considered to exist an unlucky day because Jesus was crucified on a Friday.

Unlucky to put new shoes on the tabular array.

Unlucky to pass someone on the stairs.

General Superstitions of Russia

Russians are very superstitious and are attentive to various omens. The majority of these omens emerged in the pre-Christian era, and neither the traditional religions that arrived in Russia more than 1,000 years ago nor the ideologues of the Communist regime during the almost 70 years of Soviet rule were able to stamp out faith in them. There are pop superstitions in Russia:

Spit on or touch wood

Similar many other peoples, Russians believe in the evil middle—an evil wait that brings bad luck or trouble—and fear it. You will frequently run into that after someone has said something complimentary about someone else's child, the child's parents will appear to spit 3 times over their left shoulder and impact a wooden surface iii times. This will as well happen if, for example, someone is telling y'all virtually some potentially imminent success, or that, for example, they're about to proceed vacation. Russians are agape of putting the evil eye on any adept event or any compliment, and will touch on woods so every bit non to suffer misfortune. Incidentally, if there is no wood handy, near Russians will tap their ain head, saying with a smile that information technology has the same effect.

Exercise non bear an empty bucket

If yous run into someone with any empty container—saucepan or a cart—it is considered a bad omen. Russians believe that if you see a woman carrying an empty saucepan, for example, in the countryside, or a street cleaner with an empty cart in the town, y'all won't have a good day. That's why street cleaners try to put whatever slice of equipment—brooms, rakes or something similar—in their empty carts.

Don't put money into someone's hands

Russians have a lot of "money" omens. For example, a taxi driver or shop assistant might refuse when you try to hand them your coin, and ask you to put information technology on the vehicle's dashboard or in a special tray next to the till. This does not mean at all that they cannot breadbasket touching your hands. It is believed that the money can transmit energy from its owner, including negative energy. One time the passenger has left the vehicle and the client moves abroad from the till, the link with their energy is broken and someone else can choice upward the coin without fear.

Don't accept anything out of the business firm at night

If you live nether the same roof as Russians, you would be advised not to try to take out the trash at nighttime. Information technology is believed that this tin can bring ruin on the business firm. To avoid having an unpleasant smell spreading through the house, put the rubbish into a more than substantial bag and tie it, then that information technology is more or less sealed.

Don't put empty bottles, keys or modify on the table

Russians believe that you must not put empty bottles, keys or change on the table. These are all bad omens of fiscal loss and tears. Also, this omen works non only in the kitchen at home, but likewise in public places. If one of the guests at a dinner party in a eatery grabs a bottle that has just been emptied and puts it under the table or starts looking around for a waiter, it in deference to this omen.

Never give knives, clocks or scarves every bit a present

These things are not considered the best present for a Russian. Scarves, for case, are an omen of tears, knives an omen of enemies, and clocks an omen of parting. Even if you are prepared to requite a Russian girl a luxurious Hermès scarf every bit a present, she would prefer to purchase it herself, if but to relieve herself the tears. If yous do nevertheless requite somebody ane of these things, practice not be surprised if they requite you a small coin in return. This is to create the illusion of buying the item. You must definitely take this money, even if it surprises yous that they are trying to pay you for an expensive souvenir with small change.

The threshold of a house is a identify of evil

You must non stand up on the threshold of a firm or flat, and you must not talk across information technology or hand annihilation across it. The aboriginal Slavs believed the threshold was a place where demons dwelled. If, say, you have to sign for a package with a courier, you must either cross the threshold of the house or at to the lowest degree put i foot across information technology.

Look at yourself in a mirror if y'all have had to go back

For Russians, going dorsum to the business firm is a bad omen, a portent of bad luck. So if a Russian discovers subsequently leaving the firm that he has forgotten something, he volition offset decide whether information technology is something he actually needs, and if it is, he will get back, but will make a indicate of looking himself in the eye in a mirror. This is another fox of the trade to deceive an evil omen.

Don't sit down on a table

Many Russians are disturbed when they see scenes in American films where the hero sits on a table or puts his feet on a table. And it is non merely because it is unhygienic—sitting on a tabular array is variously seen as an omen of death or poverty.

Never give unmarried girls a corner seat

In aboriginal Russ, it was usually the old maids, poor relatives and dependants who took the humblest places at the tabular array—the corner seats. From this adult the thought that if a daughter sits at the corner of the tabular array she will not marry for seven years. It is true that if modern girls nevertheless like a corner seat and someone mentions this omen, they will cleverly reply, "My hubby will have a corner," in other words, they volition have a home, only regardless, most Russians try not to put girls in corner seats and avert them themselves.

Sit before a journey

When a guest in someone'south home or a fellow member of the family is getting fix for a long journey, everyone in the house has to sit earlier they set off. This scene recalls the children's game "musical chairs." At that place is unremarkably nowhere to sit in the hall, particularly with all the luggage, merely dissimilar the game, everyone has to sit downwardly, and quickly, equally soon as someone says, "Let's take a seat earlier the journey." This is a Russian omen for a safe journey. Everyone in the business firm has to sit somewhere for a minute. This omen, incidentally, is very useful, because it helps people to calm down after the chaos and remember whether they have forgotten to pack anything.

Good omens

Not all Russian omens are precursors of misfortune. There are likewise lots of practiced omens. For example, if a spider or a "bulletin from a pigeon" appears on your clothes, or if, for example, you lot accidentally step in some dog dirt, don't exist in a rush to curse your fate. These are omens of great financial success.

Another amusing omen of wealth comes not from aboriginal times, but from just a couple of centuries agone. If you find yourself in a motorcar with Russians i 24-hour interval and you're going to drive under a bridge that a freight train is crossing, don't be surprised when your companions first to shake out their purses and put money and credit cards on their heads with cries of, "Freight railroad train, requite us money, requite us money!" According to Russians who believe in omens, this "spell" often works, bringing unexpected profit to those who believe in it.

At that place are many more Russian omens and superstitions. They cause a lot of everyday inconvenience and it's difficult to remember them all, I tin assure you that Russians actually retrieve the same! They as well find all these frightening sometime wives' tales a torment. Only the power of superstitions is that they are passed on from generation to generation. Moreover, often just the realization that they have broken some commandment can change a person's mood, and their inspiration and success may abdicate them for a while.

Survey among pupils

Nosotros conducted a survey amongst students and have institute out that: 11% of the pupils believe in superstitions, 36% of them do not believe in superstitions and 53% do not know. 24% of the pupils have an amulet  and 76% of the pupils don't have it. Are superstitions truth or fairy-tales? 21% of students answered that information technology is fairy-tale and 79% of students that information technology is truth.

The belief of the pupils in omens.

The belief of the teachers in omens.

The superstition of the students.

The superstition of the teachers.

The best day of the week.

The worst day of the week.

Conclusions

Superstitions and omens are argued about for a long time. And people of admittedly different professions, different characters and temperaments contend about it.

On the one manus superstitions and omens make our life more various, on the other manus they can complicate our way of life. That's why yous should be sensible and don't allow the superstitions to rule over you.

The List of literature

1. Barbin A.V. The Superstitions. Thousand.: Eksmo, 1999
2. Hoggarth S. Civilization and traditions of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. M.: White metropolis, 2004
3. Mathews B. Customs, traditions and superstitions in Swell Britain, Prosweshenie, 2005.
4. Shalaeva G.P. The Great encyclopedia: Chiliad.: Word, 1994.
5. Great thoughts of the great people. The Anthology of the aphorism. In three-h t. M.: Ripol-classicist, 2000.
6. Lavrova R. Russian superstitions. Thousand.: Prosweshenie, 2001.

Internet-resource

1. wiki.answers.com › ... › United Kingdom
2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition
3. www.michellehenry.fr/supersti.htm
4. www.answers.com › ... › Dictionary
5. www.jstor.org/stable/1413662
6. www.britannica.com

The trouble omens and superstitions controversial and much debated, because when dealing with these issues are addressed such topics as religion, psychology, cultural and spiritual life of people, questions about destiny and evil spirits. Only, anyhow, it cannot exist denied that omens and superstitions play a huge function in our lives. This was proven when.

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Interviewing students and teachers of our school. The results of the survey showed that 11% of students and twenty% of the teachers strongly believe in omens and e'er follows the rules associated with superstition (look in the mirror, if annihilation is left at dwelling, wearing talismans against the evil heart, and then on). 53% of students and lxx% of the teachers confirmed that believe in omens and selectively follow certain rules, only always follow the traditions and customs that are associated with the holidays, which is also a manifestation of superstition. And only iii% of respondents say they practise not believe in omens. These results already suggest certain questions and make the work bonny.

Having studied some of the superstitions of United kingdom and Russia, nosotros discovered many new things. Noesis of culture, traditions and beliefs helps u.s. to become meliorate acquainted with the community of another country, with its history and spiritual life, to enrich their ain worldview. The more than we know about other country, the less the gap betwixt our understanding and friendly relations.

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Source: https://urok.1sept.ru/articles/676684

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